The change of world capitals in the history of states is a common thing.
The reasons for each country are different. This is the development of new territories, a direct military threat to the current capital during the hostilities, due to the unsuccessful geopolitical and geographical location, overpopulation of the capital in comparison with the rest of the country.
But in contrast to the first phenomenon, there is another. Capitals that remain in their place always or for a long period are called "positionally stable."
List
- 10. Norway, 1299: Bergen-Oslo
- 9. Poland, 1596: Krakow - Warsaw
- 8. USA, 1800: Philadelphia - Washington
- 7. Belarus, 1919: Smolensk - Minsk
- 6. Turkey, 1923: Istanbul - Ankara
- 5. Uzbekistan, 1930: Samarkand - Tashkent
- 4. Lithuania, 1940: Kaunas - Vilnius
- 3. Kazakhstan, 1997: Alma-Ata - Astana
- 2. Germany, 1990: Bonn - Berlin
- 1. Brazil, 1960: Rio de Janeiro - Brasilia
10. Norway, 1299: Bergen-Oslo
Norway is a country of seafarers and poets. In fact, each ruler has an adjective in his name, which distinguishes him from all. Beautiful-haired, Bloody Ax, Mighty, Calm.
Bergen is a city that until 1299 was the capital of Norway. A thriving commercial settlement located on the Bergen Peninsula. "Glade among the hills", on which life was seething, including financial.
Until the beginning of the 19th century, this city was the largest city in the country.
The reign of the descendants of Harold the Cruel led to the transfer of the capital to the "mouth of the river" Oslo. According to other sources, the name of the city is associated with the name of the wife of the king, Elizabeth, daughter of Yaroslav the Wise. Linguists in the name "Oslo" see a tribute to the Scandinavian gods - aces.
The official date for the change of capitals is 1000. And finally, Oslo took the position of the nameless capital of Norway only by 1925.
9. Poland, 1596: Krakow - Warsaw
About the village of Krakow, it becomes known around 970, when handicraft began to develop. These places were rich in tin, sulfur, and salt. Subsequently, this provided the population with brisk, versatile trade.
And then fame established itself as a spiritual and monarchical center. The residence of the Polish kings. The city was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt again. He was experiencing a “golden age” lasting a hundred years. It was then that typography, university education, and culture developed.
By 1596, Krakow ceded the status of the capital and royal residences to Warsaw. The city is young and promising. And Krakow remains an honorable, historical place of coronations and the repose of monarchs.
8. USA, 1800: Philadelphia - Washington
The historical capital of the United States is a separate history of the state, which covers the period from 1774 to 1800. During this period, capital functions are transferred sequentially from city to city.
Philadelphia opens the "parade of capitals." Over the next ten years, it was she who solved administrative tasks and represented US interests in the world. But she did it somehow unconvincingly.
Members of the US Congress were embarrassed by the continuous migration of such an important city in the country. The lack of solidity of domestic politics, which in some cases affected the security of parliament.
Washington - State of Columbia, A city without suburbs. The new permanent capital of a serious state, named after the first president. By population - a small provincial town, representing one of the most powerful world powers.
7. Belarus, 1919: Smolensk - Minsk
The history of Belarus has its own unique features. For example, on the territory of this republic there were centers of Old Russian principalities.
In the Smolensk region for a long time there is a population that speaks the Belarusian language. And even a long stay in the Russian Empire did not fundamentally change the situation.
On January 1, 1919, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was formed with the administrative center in the city of Smolensk. True, it did not last long, on January 5 of that year, the government of the Republic moved to the city of Minsk. And the city of Smolensk was transferred to the RSFSR.
6. Turkey, 1923: Istanbul - Ankara
The history of Istanbul is the history of the Ottoman Empire. About 470 years long. Until 1923, when the empire was abolished.
29 Turkish sultans wrote history with their lives, their blood, the results of their conquests. But since Istanbul was far from the eastern and southern territories of the state, the need arose to move the capital to another place.
The most convenient place was the settlement of the first Turks - Ankara. The change of laws, charters, infrastructure, industry, the movement of the population within the country, the development of culture brought the city into a number of worthy capitals of the world.
5. Uzbekistan, 1930: Samarkand - Tashkent
Samarkand is one of the ancient cities of the world. Joined to the Russian Empire in 1868. And in 1925 - 1930 he became the capital of the Uzbek Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
When the formation of the Soviet Socialist Republics was taking place, the regions where local residents lived were somewhat uncertain. The transfer of the capital to the city of Tashkent allowed to resolve the resulting discrepancy.
4. Lithuania, 1940: Kaunas - Vilnius
Lithuania had four capitals, one of which is Kaunas. A beautiful city is formed at the confluence of rivers. For twenty years it was considered the center of Lithuania. During this period, Vilnius was part of Poland, which was tormented by great-power claims in relation to Lithuania.
In 1919, Poland occupied the lands controlled by the Lithuanian government. In 1940, justice was restored.
3. Kazakhstan, 1997: Alma-Ata - Astana
A significant event, initiated by Nursultan Nazarbayev. The first president of independent Kazakhstan. He issued an order "On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan."
The following fact is interesting. The government of the new state prepared the transfer of capitals carefully and scrupulously.
The scale of claims, invested funds were supposed to shake the world. And everything was supposed to happen in the best way. But the officials in charge of the event were not football fanatics. And the date of the event was not calculated.
The international performance of Astana (formerly the city of Tselinograd) coincided with the World Cup. Currently, Astana is a city located in the center of the republic with great potential for development.
2. Germany, 1990: Bonn - Berlin
The transfer of capitals, which is associated with the separation of the state after the Second World War.
The capital of the Federal Republic of Germany from November 3, 1949 to October 3, 1990. Four powers divided the country into two states. To the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
One of the most dramatic post-war stories of the 20th century. After the unification of Germany, the capital returned to the city of Berlin.
1. Brazil, 1960: Rio de Janeiro - Brasilia
The capital of Brazil began to migrate around the country in connection with the development of certain territories. In the beginning, the country developed as a powerful plantation economy. Sugarcane and coffee were grown here. The bowels of the state contained unique minerals, which raised the capital of Rio de Janeiro to the historical flag.
About forty types of items, among which diamonds are not the last. Of course, the bulk of the population has shifted to the extraction of underground wealth.
The concentration of the population along the coast hindered the development of other regions of the country. The idea of creating new cities turned out to be economically viable. The new city of Brasilia is proof of this. As a political and business center of the country.